Topical application of timolol to the eye would be expected to induce decreased formation of aqueous humor.

Timolol maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist currently used mainly as an ocular preparation for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Despite the topical administration, ophthalmic timolol causes systemic adrenergic beta-blocking because of absorption from the eye into the systemic circulation. Gel formulations of ophthalmic timolol have been developed to reduce systemic absorption and adverse effects in comparison with conventional aqueous solution formulations.

Klenow fragment is derived fromDNA Pol-I.DNA Polymerase I, Large (Klenow) Fragment is a proteolytic product of E. coli DNA Polymerase I which retains polymerization and 3'→ 5' exonuclease activity but has lost 5'→ 3' exonuclease activity (1). Klenow retains the polymerization fidelity of the holoenzyme without degrading 5' termini.

A swollen leaf base is called Pulvinus. This type of leaves is seen in the Fabaceae family. The swelling results are due to a change in the turgor pressure. Night closure movement of legume leaves shows this pulvinar movement. The pulvinus protects the young axillary bud.

Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins that are important in cell signaling. Their release has an effect on the behavior of cells around them. It can be due to immune response or inflammation. Interferons are a type of cytokine. They are released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or tumor cells. They allow for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors.
(B) Cellular barriers - (III) Neutrophils and Macrophages
Cellular barriers are formed by immune cells that prevent the spread and movement of foreign substances in the body. Neutrophils and macrophages are types of white blood cells and are part of the immune system. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant type of white blood cells in most mammals. They form an essential part of the innate immune system. Their functions vary from the destruction of bacteria and fungi to the stimulation of other immune cells. Macrophages, on the other hand, are a type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the type of proteins specific to healthy body cells on its surface in a process called phagocytosis.
(C) Physiological barriers - (IV) Tears and Saliva
Physiological barriers are those which use the body’s own natural processes to prevent infection. For instance, both tears and saliva contain enzymes such as lysozyme which help to break down the cell walls of many kinds of bacteria.
(D) Physical barriers - (I) Mucus coating of the respiratory tract
Physical barriers are the body's first line of defense against pathogens. These barriers are structural in nature. The mucus coating of the respiratory tract is a great example. It traps pathogens, dust, and other particles that enter the nasal passage with each breath, and because the mucus is constantly moved by cilia, it is eventually coughed or sneezed out, or swallowed and destroyed by stomach acids. Thus, it acts as a physical barrier, preventing pathogens from reaching the lungs.

The term ecology, silent spring and ecosystem were coined by Haeckel, Carson and Tansley respectively. The term biome was not coined by Hutchinson. 

Biome, as coined and applied by Clements, was not the ecosystem.

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single point mutation in the gene for the beta globin chain of hemoglobin.
(A) is correct because the mutation occurs in the gene for beta globin.
(B) is incorrect because, in sickle cell anemia, there is a change in the beta globin chain where valine is substituted for glutamic acid, not lysine.
(C) is correct because sickle cell anemia is caused by a single point mutation, which is a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA.
(D) is incorrect because the statement does not accurately describe the genetic mutation. In the normal gene, the DNA code is GAG, which codes for glutamic acid, but in sickle cell anemia, this is changed to GTG, which codes for valine. This does not involve replacing uracil (U) with adenine (A) as the statement suggests.

In F1 particle (oxysomes) partof mitochondria, ATP is generated.

The F1particles or oxysomes located on the inner mitochondrial membrane.It allows the passage of protons from the peri-mitochondrial space to the matrix and carries on ATP synthesis using the difference in free energy during the transport of protons along the electrochemical gradient.

The green pigmentof the leaf is calledChlorophyllwhich hasMagnesium(Mg)involved in its structure which impartsthe green color of the leaf.

Some other pigments responsible for the color of the leaf are:

Internal vital forces: Lamarck suggested that organisms possess inherent internal forces or tendencies driving them towards greater complexity and adaptation to their environment.

Use and disuse of organs: Lamarck proposed that the use or disuse of organs by organisms during their lifetime would result in the development or degeneration of those organs, respectively, and these acquired traits could be inherited by offspring.

Inheritance of acquired characters: Lamarck hypothesized that organisms could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring, contributing to evolutionary change.

The concept of the struggle for existence, which involves competition among individuals for resources and survival, is more closely associated with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, rather than Lamarckism.