• The Individual Satyagraha was not to seek independence but to affirm the right to speech.
• The aims of launching individual satyagrahas were:-
• To show that nationalist patience was not due to weakness to express people’s feeling that they were not interested in the war and that they made no distinction between Nazism and the double autocracy that ruled India.
• To give another opportunity to the Government to accept Congress’ demands peacefully.

The non-violence was set as the centrepiece of Individual Satyagraha. This was done by carefully selecting the Satyagrahis. The other reason for this Satyagraha was that a mass movement might turn violent and he would not like to see Great Britain embarrassed by such a situation.

The correct answer is Mahatma Gandhi.

Key PointsThe Journal Harijan

• Mahatma Gandhi began publishing Harijan, a weekly newspaper, in English in 1933.
• It lasted until 1948. During this time, he also published Harijan Bandu in Gujarati, and Harijan Sevak in Hindi.
• All three papers focused on India's and the world's social and economic problems during the freedom struggle.
• He worked for the upliftment of untouchables and gave them a new name 'Harijan' meaning the children of God.

The correct answer is the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Key Points

• Gandhiji's call for breaking Salt Laws was in response to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The Salt Satyagraha was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi against the salt tax that was imposed by the British Government in India.
• The Salt Satyagraha was started on 12 March 1930 to 5 April 1930.
•  The defiance of the salt law was followed by the spread of the Civil Disobedience Movement all over the country.
• The Civil Disobedience Movement was started on 6 April 1930.
• Dandi March and Salt Satyagraha:
  • Gandhi, along with a band of seventy-eight members of Sabarmati Ashram, was to march from his headquarters in Ahmedabad through the villages of Gujarat for 240 miles. On reaching the coast at Dandi, the salt law was to be violated by collecting salt from the beach.

• ​Some features of the Civil Disobedience Movement - 

  • Boycott of foreign-made cloth and liquor shops.
  • Refusal by peasants to pay revenue and chowkidar taxes.
  • Violation of forest law by grazing animals in the reserved forest.
  • Deliberately breaking unjust laws like salt tax law.

Additional Information 

• The Non-cooperation Movement was started on 1 August 1920.
• Khilafat Movement was led by Shaukat Ali and Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar in 1919.:
  • The Khilafat Movement (1919):
  • It brought the Muslims & the Hindus on a common platform against the British administration.
  • It was one of the most important causes of the Non - Cooperation Movement. 
  • The Indian Muslims regarded the Sultan of Turkey as the Caliph.
• Quit India Movement:​
  • The iconic 'Quit India' slogan was coined by socialist Congress leader and lesser-known hero of the Indian National movement Yusuf Meher Ali in 1942.
  • He was the founder of National Militia, Bombay youth League, and the Congress Socialist Party.
  • On 8th August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi gave a clarion call to end British rule and launched the Quit India Movement at the session of the All-India Congress Committee in Mumbai.
  • Also known as the India August Movement or August Kranti.
  • The movement gave the slogans ‘Quit India’ or ‘Bharat Chodo’. Gandhi gave the slogan to the people – ‘Do or die’
  • The immediate cause of the movement was the collapse of the Cripps Mission.
  • The movement saw violence at some places which were not premeditated.
  • The Quit India movement was violently suppressed by the British – people were shot, lathi-charged, villages burnt and enormous fines imposed.

The correct answer is Constitutional reforms in India.

Key Points

• The three Round Table Conferences of 1930–1932 were a series of peace conferences organized by the British Government and Indian political personalities to discuss constitutional reforms in India.
• These started in November 1930 and ended in December 1932. Hence option 2 is correct.

Important Points

• First Round Table Conference (November 1930-January 1931)
  • The First Round Table Conference was inaugurated by George V on November 12, 1930, in the Royal Gallery House of Lords in London.
  • It was Chaired by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald.
  • It was to discuss the Simon Commission but it was totally boycotted by the Indian National Congress.
  • There were fifty-eight political leaders from British India and sixteen delegates from the princely states.
  • Total 74 delegates attended the First Round Table Conference from India. The First Round Table Conference was followed by the second round table congress.
  • In the absence of the Indian National Congress, it was difficult for progress to be made but some advances were made.
  • The conference was adjourned to 2 January 1931.

Additional Information

• Second Round Table Conference:
  • The Congress was requested to come to a settlement by Sapru, M.R. Jayakar, and V.S. Srinivasa Shastri.
  • After six meetings with Viceroy Lord Irwin, a pact was signed known as the Gandhi-Irwin pact and Gandhiji was appointed as the sole representative of the Congress to the Second Round Table Conference.
  • It was held in London in September 1931.
  • The discussion was not fruitful as Gandhiji could not agree with British Prime Minister Ramsay Mac Donald on his policy of communal representation and refusal of the British Government on the basic Indian demand for freedom.
  • The discussion only led to the passing of the Government of India Act of 1935.
• Third Round Table Conference:
  • The third and last conference was held on 17 November 1932.
  • It was attended by only forty-six delegates since most of the main political leaders of India were in prison.
  • The Labour Party from Britain and Indian National Congress refused to attend.
  •  In this conference, a college student Chaudhary Rahmat Ali proposed the name of the new land specially carved out from India for the Muslims. The name of this land was Pakistan.
• Imp Note: B.R. Ambedkar and Tej Bahadur Sapru took part in all the Three Round Table Conferences.

The correct answer is Remove British from India.

Key Points

• The famous Quit India Movement is also known as the 'August Movement'.
• The All-India Congress Committee proclaimed a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called "an orderly British withdrawal" from India.
• It was for the determined, which appears in his call to Do or Die, issued on 8 August at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Mumbai in 1942.
• Most of the prominent Congress leaders were imprisoned in the initial days of the Quit India Movement.​
   

The correct option is Poona.

Important Points

• Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.
• When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death.
• He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.
• Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
• It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Scheduled Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
• The dalit movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the Congressled national movement.

The correct answer is A and B.

Key Points

•  Gandhi ji came back to India in January 1915 after leading the successful struggle against the discriminatory and oppressive policy of the British in South Africa. Hence, the A option is correct.
• For the first time, Gandhi started Satyagraha in South Africa (non-violent protest ) and promoted harmony between different religious communities.
• The first Satyagraha movement inspired by Mahatma Gandhi occurred in the Champaran district of Bihar in the year 1917. Hence, option B is correct
• The Champaran Satyagraha was the first to be started, but the word Satyagraha was used for the first time in Anti Rowlatt Act agitation.
• The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 was a satyagraha movement in the Kheda district of Gujarat in India organized by Mahatma Gandhi during the period of the British Raj. Hence, option C statement is not correct
• It was a major revolt in the Indian independence movement. It was the third Satyagraha movement. The Rowlatt Act was the popular name for the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919 passed by the British Indian government. Hence, Option D is not correct.
• This Act was termed the ‘Black Act’ by the Indian public because of its unjust and restrictive nature.
• The Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council on 18th March 1919.
• It basically extended the emergency provisions imposed by the 1915 Defence of India Act that was passed during the First World War.

Rowlatt Act

• ​The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British government to enhance their superiority over the common people.
• This law was passed in March 1919 by the Imperial Legislative Council which gave them the power to arrest any person without any trial.
• To abolish this act, Gandhi and the other leaders called for a Hartal ( a time of fasting and suspension of work) to show Indians' objection with this rule.

The basic facts about the act and its significance 

• Officially known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919. 
• Passed in March 1919 by the Imperial Legislative Council. 
• This act authorised the British government to arrest anybody suspected of terrorist activities. 
• It also authorised the government to detain such people arrested for up to 2 years without trial. 
• It empowered the police to search for a place without a warrant. 
• It also placed severe restrictions on the freedom of the press. 
• The act was passed as per recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee chaired by a judge, Sir Sidney Rowlatt. 
• The act was widely condemned by Indian leaders and the public. The bills came to be known as ‘black bills’.
•  The act was passed despite unanimous opposition from the Indian members of the council, all of whom resigned in protest. These included Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Madan Mohan Malviya and Mazhar Ul Haq.
• In response to this act, a nationwide hartal was called by Gandhiji on 6 th April. This was called the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
• The movement was cancelled by Gandhiji when it was marred by rioting in some provinces, particularly in Punjab where the situation was grim.
• The British government’s primary intention was to repress the growing nationalist movement in the country.
• The British were also afraid of a Ghadarite revolution in Punjab and the rest of the country.
• Two popular Congress leaders Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested.  
• Protest was very intense when the act came into effect and the army was called in Punjab to tackle the situation.

Lahore Resolution:

• This resolution demanded a separate state for Muslims and was passed at Minto Park in Lahore where the Muslim League held their 3-day annual meeting in 1940.
• In March 1940, in the League's annual three-day session in Lahore, Jinnah gave a two-hour speech in English, in which were laid out the arguments of the Two-nation theory, stating, in the words of historians Talbot and Singh, that "Muslims and Hindus…were irreconcilably opposed monolithic religious communities and as such, no settlement could be imposed that did not satisfy the aspirations of the former."
• On the last day of its session, the League passed the Lahore Resolution, sometimes also called as the "Pakistan Resolution," demanding that "the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in the majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign." 

 Key Points

• In August 1942, Gandhiji started the 'Quit India Movement and decided to launch a mass civil disobedience movement 'Do or Die' call to force the British to leave India.
• The movement was followed; nonetheless, large-scale violence was directed at railway stations, telegraph offices, government buildings, and other emblems and institutions of colonial rule. 
• There were widespread acts of sabotage, and the government-held Gandhi responsible for these acts of violence, suggesting that they were a deliberate act of Congress policy.
• However, all the prominent leaders were arrested, the Congress was banned and the police and army were brought out to suppress the movement.

Direct Action Day:

• After the Cabinet Mission broke down, Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946 Direct Action Day, with the stated goal of peacefully highlighting the demand for a Muslim homeland in British India. 
• However, on the morning of the 16th, armed Muslim gangs gathered at the Ochterlony Monument in Calcutta to hear Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, the League's Chief Minister of Bengal, who, in the words of historian Yasmin Khan, "if he did not explicitly incite violence certainly gave the crowd the impression that they could act with impunity, that neither the police nor the military would be called out and that the ministry would turn a blind eye to any action they unleashed in the city."
• Followed by this inciting of violence, riots with Hindus and Muslims clashing with each other for several days and resulted in the death of about 4000 people. This was also known as the Great Calcutta Massacre.

Ahmedabad Mill Strike :

• The Ahmedabad Mill Strike was an episode in Modern Indian History where workers of cotton textile mills in Ahmedabad fought for economic justice when the mill owners discontinued their plague bonuses.
• Mahatma Gandhi undertook his first fast unto death on 15th March 1918.
• Ahmedabad Mill Strike in February 1918 was one of the initial movements led by Gandhi at the beginning of the 20th century after his return from South Africa.

Thus, we can say that in the Ahmedabad region in 1918, Mahatma Gandhi organized the satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

Additional Information

• Kheda peasant struggle :
  • The Kheda Satyagraha of 22 march 1918, in the Kheda district of Gujarat.
  • India during the period of the British Raj, was a Satyagraha movement organized by Mohandas Gandhi.
  • It was a major revolt in the Indian independence movement.
  • It was the third Satyagraha movement after Champaran Satyagraha and Ahmedabad mill strike.
• Champaran Satyagraha :
  • The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was the first Satyagraha movement inspired by Gandhi and a major revolt in the Indian Independence Movement.
  • It was a farmer's uprising that took place in the Champaran district of Bihar, India during the British colonial period.
  • The farmers were protesting against having to grow indigo with barely any payment for it.