The correct answer is Fort St. George.

Key Points

• The English East India Company was originally known as ‘The Merchant of London trading into the East Indies’ settled in Madras at the Fort St. George.
• By the mid-17th century, the British East India Company was prospering in trade in the mid-17th century with a monopoly.
• It was decided that to protect the English trade interests.
• It was important to build an English Fort and hence Fort St. George came into existence in 1644.
• Fort William was built in 1696 by the British East India Company under the authority of John Goldsborough.

• During Battle of Plassey(23^rd June 1757),Siraj-ud-Daulah was the Nawab of Bengal.
• In this battle Siraj-ud-Daula was betrayed by his own forces and he was defeated by British forces.
• After this battle he was forced to step down and British forces declared Mir Jafar as the next Nawab of Bengal.
• Battle of Plassey was fought on banks of river Bhagirathi near Murshidabad(the then capital of Bengal).

The correct answer is Kolkata.

• Kolkata is known as the city of palaces.

Key Points

• Kolkata has a nickname, the "City of Palaces".
• It is famous for its Rajbaris.
• During the British colonial era from 1700-1912, when Kolkata was the capital of British India, Kolkata witnessed a spate of frenzied construction activity of buildings largely influenced by the conscious intermingling of Gothic, Baroque, Roman, Oriental, and Islamic schools of design.
• Unlike many north Indian cities, whose construction stresses minimalism, the layout in architectural variety in Kolkata owed its origins to the Occident.
• The buildings were designed and inspired by the tastes of the English gentleman around and the aspiring Bengali Baboo.
• The numerous palatial mansions built all over the core city led to the city being called the City of Palaces.

Additional Information

• The East India Company founded its trading post in Kolkata.
• Till 1911, it was the capital of India.
• In 1911, the capital of India was shifted to Delhi by the British.
• The grand colonial architecture, art galleries, and cultural festivals can be found in the city. 
• Kolkata is one of the largest cities in India.
• It is also the major port.
• The city is located at the bank of the Hoogly River.
• The city is the educational, commercial, and cultural center of India.
• The capital of the state of West Bengal is Kolkata. 

The correct answer is William Jones.

Key Points

• Asiatic Society of Bengal 
  • Sir William Jones was an Anglo-Welsh philologist, a judge on the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal, and a scholar of ancient India.
  • The Asiatic Society was founded in 1784 by Sir. William Jones. Hence, Option 3 is correct.
  • It is a unique institution having served as a fountainhead of all literary and scientific activities. 
  • In 1832 the name was changed to "The Asiatic Society of Bengal" and again in 1936 it was renamed "The Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal".
  • It was visualized as a centre for Asian studies including everything concerning man and nature within the geographical limits of the continent. It is located in Kolkata.
  • The library of the Asiatic Society has a huge collection of about 1,17,000 books and 79,000 journals in all the major languages of the world.
  • The museum of the Asiatic Society was established in 1814 by N. Wallich.

Additional Information

• Jonathan Duncan
  • He was Governor of Bombay from 27 December 1795 until his death in 1811.
  • He began his career in India in 1772, and in 1784 he was one of the charter members of the Asiatic Society founded in Calcutta by William Jones. 
• Lord Cornwallis
  • Charles Cornwallis (31 December 1738 – 5 October 1805) was a British Army general and official, known as Viscount Brome between 1753 and 1762 and Earl Cornwallis between 1762 and 1792.
  • Lord Cornwallis was the first Governor-General appointed under the new Act. Between 1786 and 1793, he represented the British government and was accountable to the Board of Control.
  • When the East India Company's mercenary interests clashed with state policy, he was able to defy them. He enacted numerous significant reforms within the East India Company and its territories, including the Cornwallis Code, which included the Permanent Settlement, which implemented important land taxation reforms.
• Warren Hastings
  • He was a British colonial administrator, who served as the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort William, the head of the Supreme Council of Bengal, and so the first de facto Governor-General of Bengal in 1772–1785.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e. Dhaka.

Key Points

Changes in the eighteenth century Towns and Cities in Pre-colonial Times:

Before exploring the growth of cities in the colonial period, one needs to look at urban centres during the centuries preceding British rule.

• There was a new phase of change from the mid-eighteenth century.
• Commercial cities like Dhaka Surat, and Masulipatnam, which had grown in the seventeenth century, declined when trade shifted to other places and when British gradually gained political control in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey, with the trade of the English East India Company expanded.
• Colonial port cities like Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, emerged rapidly as the new economic capitals and also became centres of colonial administration and political power. 

The correct answer is 1773.

Key Points

• The Supreme Court was set up in Calcutta by the East India Company in 1773.
• The King of England's Regulating Act of 1773 cleared the stage for the formation of the Supreme Court of Judicature in Calcutta.
• On March 26, 1774, Letters of Patent were issued to establish the Supreme Court of Judicature at Calcutta.
• It was established as a Court of Record, with full power and authority to hear and determine all complaints about any crimes, as well as to entertain, hear, and determine any suits or actions brought against any of His Majesty's subjects in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa(present-day Odisha).
• King George – III founded the Supreme Courts of Madras and Bombay on December 26, 1800, and December 8, 1823, respectively.
• The Constitution of India was enacted on January 26, 1950, after India gained independence in 1947.
• The Supreme Court of India was also established, with its inaugural meeting on January 28, 1950.
• The Supreme Court is established and constituted according to Article 124.
• The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country's judicial system.
• It is located in Tilak Marg, New Delhi.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• The nature of the colonial city changed in the mid-nineteenth century. After the Revolt of 1857 British attitudes in India were shaped by a constant fear of rebellion.
• They felt that towns needed to be better defended, and white people had to live in more secure and segregated enclaves, away from the threat of the “natives”.
• Pasturelands and agricultural fields around the older towns were cleared, and new urban spaces called “Civil Lines” were set up. White people began to live in the Civil Lines. Hence, statement 1st incorrect as Civil Lines were not set up, to accommodate Indian elites.
• For the British, the “Black” areas came to symbolise not only chaos and anarchy, but also filth and disease. Hence, statement 2nd is correct.
• For a long while the British were interested primarily in the cleanliness and hygiene of the “White” areas. But as epidemics of cholera and plague spread, killing thousands, colonial officials felt the need for more stringent measures
  of sanitation and public health.
• They feared that disease would spread from the “Black” to the “White” areas.
• From the 1860s and 1870s, stringent administrative measures regarding sanitation were implemented and building activity in the Indian towns was regulated.
• Underground piped water supply and sewerage and drainage systems were also put in place around this time. Sanitary vigilance thus became another way of regulating Indian towns. Hence, statement 4th is correct.
• Cantonments, hill stations were distinctive features of colonial urban development. 
• The founding and settling of hill stations was initially connected with the needs of the British army.
• Hill stations became strategic places for billeting troops, guarding frontiers and launching campaigns against enemy rulers. Hence, statement 3rd is correct.

The correct answer is Kolkata.

Key Points

• Policing is based on the Police Act of 1861.
  • Under the colonial system, the dual system of police administration was introduced.
  • The overall in-charge of a district or area was the District Collector and the Superintendent of Police (SP) informed him.
  • The primary objective of the British was revenue collection in rural India. They needed a force that could support this cause and remove tyranny and oppression if needed according to the purpose.
  • The worst officers of the British police were sent to India. So they needed to be placed under the District Collector.
  • This system continued even after independence.
  • The British also introduced the police commissionerate system first in Kolkata and followed it in the Mumbai and Chennai presidencies. This system was introduced even before the Police Act of 1861. Hence, option 3 is correct.​

Additional Information

• Delhi was turned into a Commissionerate during 1977-1979.
  • The Sixth Report of the National Police Commission, released in 1983, recommended a commissionerate system in cities with a population of 5 lakh and above as well as in places with special circumstances.
  • In 2005, the draft Model Police Act prepared by a committee constituted by the Ministry of Home Affairs made a similar recommendation that metro cities and major urban areas with a population of 10 lakh or more should have a commissioner system.

The correct answer is Bombay to Thane.

Key Points

•  British built Indian railway system run its first train
  • The history of Indian Railways dates back to over 160 years ago.
  • On 16th April 1853, the first passenger train between Bori Bunder (Bombay) and Thane, a distance of 34 km.
  • It was operated by three locomotives, named Sahib, Sultan and Sidh, and had thirteen carriages.
  • It was dedicated by Lord Dalhousie.
  • The passenger line was built and operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway.
  • It was built in a 1,676 mm broad gauge, which became the country's standard for railways.
  • The line was built through an alliance between the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR) – incorporated in 1849 – and the East India Company, which at that point ruled large swathes in India.
  • The inaugural journey received a salute of 21 guns.
  • The fares from Mumbai to Thane in 1853 were Rs 2 and annas 10 for the first class, Rs 1 and anna 1 for the second class and annas 5 and 3 pice for the third class. The third class fare was about 3 pies per mile.
  • 10,000 men worked on the project and 10,000 pounds had been spent to lay the railway line.
  • Mumbai-Thane railway route train carried 4,50,000 passengers in the first year without any accident.

The correct answer is 1793.

Key Points

• The Cornwallis Code was passed in 1793 by Viceroy Lord Cornwallis which contained provisions for governing the policing, judiciary, and civil administration in British India.
• The Cornwallis Code (1793), the enactment by which Lord Cornwallis, governor-general of India, gave legal form to the complex of measures that constituted the administrative framework in British India known as the Cornwallis, or Bengal, system. 

Additional Information

• The system, as codified in these regulations, provided that the East India Company’s service personnel be divided into three branches: revenue, judicial, and commercial.
• Private trade was forbidden to the members of the first two branches, and they were instead compensated by a new and generous scale of pay.
• The land revenue assessment (the major source of revenue) was fixed permanently with zamindars or hereditary revenue collectors.