In the ecosystem, the flow of energy takes place in only one direction i.e. from producers to final consumers.
The energy present in one trophic level never returns back to the producer.

Energy flow in our ecosystem:

Net primary productivity (NPP) is equal to Gross primary productivity (GPP) minus Respiration loss (R). NPP is the available biomass for the consumption of heterotrophs in the ecosystem.

Photoautotrophs are organisms that perform photosynthesis in presence of sunlight.
Euglena contains chlorophyll and fixes the solar energy so, it acts as photoautotrophs.

Euglena Structure:

The term ecosystem was first used in 1935 in a publication by British ecologist Arthur Tansley. Tansley devised the concept to draw attention to the importance of transfers of materials between organisms and their environment.

Pyramid of energy is always erect and upright because the amount of energy get reduce at each trophic level from prouder to consumers.

Ecological parameter includes, biomass, energy and number of individual in the ecosystem. Stratification is not a part of ecological parameter.

Primary productivity is the amount of biomass produced per unit area by green plants in an ecosystem. Producers fix the solar energy by the process of photosynthesis.

Nepenthes (pitcher plant) and Drocera are insectivores plants to compensate for their protein requirement. They have green leaves that perform the photosynthesis process. So, they act as both producers as well as consumers.

Ecosystem is the functional and dynamic unit of nature where living and non-living components interact with each other for flow of energy and biomass from producer to consumers.

Decomposition is the process that involves the breakdown of complex organic matter or biomass from the body of dead plants and animals with the help of decomposers into inorganic raw materials such as carbon dioxide, water, and other nutrients.

The various processes involved in decomposition are as follows:
➢ Fragmentation 

• It is the first step in the process of decomposition.
• It involves the breakdown of detritus into smaller pieces by the action of detritivores such as earthworms.

➢ Leaching

• It is a process where the water soluble nutrients go down into the soil layers and get locked as unavailable salts.

➢ Catabolism

• It is a process in which bacteria and fungi degrade detritus through various enzymes into smaller pieces.

➢ Humification

• The next step is humification which leads to the formation of a dark-coloured colloidal substance called humus, which acts as reservoir of nutrients for plants.

➢ Mineralization

• The humus is further degraded by the action of microbes, which finally leads to the release of inorganic nutrients into the soil.
• This process of releasing inorganic nutrients from the humus is known as mineralization.

The nutrient cycle in which reservoir is located in earth crust is called sedimentary nutrient cycle. So, soil and rock based nutrient cycles are example of sedimentary nutrient cycle.

The pyramid of biomass in an aquatic system is always inverted. A sharp decrease in biomass results in inverted pyramids.

Option A: Mineralization is the process in which humus is further degraded by some microbes and release of inorganic nutrients occur.

Option B: The degradation of the detritus into simple inorganic substances, by bacterial and fungal enzymes, is known as catabolism.

Option C: If the breakdown of the detritus by detrivores is called fragmentation.

Option D: Leaching is the process by which the water-insoluble inorganic nutrients go down into soil horizon and get precipitated as unavailable salts.

Hence,option B is correct.

• At a constant temperature, soil moisture content shows a parabolic affect on decomposition rates with a maximum rate at intermediate levels of moisture.
• High moisture content limits soil gas exchange leading to low oxygen concentrations and potentially anaerobic conditions.
• At low moisture content, the lack of water limits microbial metabolism; however, many microorganisms can remain active to much lower soil water potentials (at -3.0 MPa) than plants (at -1.5 MPa).

In a food chain, energy stored at the producer level is called as primary productivity (PP). Net primary productivity (NPP) is the rate of storage of organic matter except which is utilized for the respiration by plants.

In detritus food chain, speed of decomposition will be fast if detritus is rich in simple sugar that can be easily decomposed into glucose by saprophytes that includes bacteria and fungi.

Primary productivity is maximum in tropical rain forests due availability of sufficient food and water followed by temperate forests. Savannah grasslands have comparatively less productivity and arid regions have limited biotic component and water.

Succession will occur in a short time in heavily overgrazed pasture.
If organic compounds are already available in the place new organisms will develop faster as compared to bare land without organic matter.

Phosphorus is not present in amino acids. It polymerases to form protein.
Nucleic acids, ATP, and Teeth contain phosphorus.

Ecological succession on bare land proceeds towards increasing wetness. Availability of water help in faster growth of organism including plants.

• Humus is a dark brown amorphous gummy substance formed by partial decomposition of plant and animal matter. 
• It is not good for plant growth.
• Humus is quite resistant to microbial action.
• It is a reservoir of nutrients and is helpful in the maintenance of soil moisture as well as aeration.

Hence, None of these statements is correct about Humus.

Ecosystem services include all activities performed by nature to benefits human beings.

The most important ecological service includes soil formation. Soil is essential for the growth of plants that provide food to all living forms.

Robert Constanza and his colleagues have recently put price tag of US$ 33 trillion a year for nature’s life support services for fundamental services.

• Forests helps in producing rainfall. More are the trees, the more water gets absorbed into clouds and the more it helps in rain falls. 
• The roots of a tree make gaps in the soil so that when it rains the water can sink in before being absorbed by the soil.
• These spaces also allow air and water to reach the roots of the plants.  
• If the forests disappear, there will be less rain resulting in dryer conditions, that eventually lead to drought.
• Once this happens, the damage is extensive making it difficult to plant more trees or plants later because the soil is so hard and dry. When trees removed using heavy machinery, the soil is pushed down and the gaps fill in.
• Because all plants and trees need that water and air to reach roots, the conditions become unfriendly for new growth.