This is the correct option as it is not a characteristic of autopolyploid plants. Their flowering is delayed.

In complementary genes, one character is controlled by two pairs of non-allelic independent genes.

The gene having multiple phenotypic effects is called pleiotropic gene. E.g. The same gene affects the shape of RBCs and structure of haemoglobin in human beings suffering from sickle-cell disease.

This is the correct option as assertion is true but the reason is false. The modified F₂ phenotypic ratio of dominant epistasis is 12 : 3 : 1.

Sickle cell anaemia is caused by the substitution of glutamic acid by valine at sixth position of beta chain of haemoglobin.

F plasmids carry the fertility factor that is responsible for bacterial conjugation. R plasmids carry genes for resistance to antibodies. Col plasmids have genes that code for colicins, the proteins that kill sensitive E.coli.

Adenovirus genomes are linear, non-segmented double-stranded (ds) DNA molecules that are typically 26-46 Kbp long, containing 23-46 protein-coding genes.

Metacentric chromosome has two equal arms and assumes 'V' shape in anaphase stage of cell division.

In ZW-ZZ type of sex chromosomes, female sex is heterogametic and two types of eggs are laid by the females. The males are homogametic.

Substitution mutations are replacements of one nitrogenous base of DNA by another nitrogenous base or its derivatives. Spontaneous mutations occur suddenly at random in nature but in low frequencies. Induced mutations are artificial mutations induced with the help of certain agents called mutagens.