Change in volume ΔV = 0.25 m³

Pressure P = 10³ N/m

The work done is given by

The resolving power of the telescope is given as

Where D is the aperture and λ is the wavelength of light.

As aperture(D) will be larger, so will be the resolving power.

Diamond are cut and polished in such a fashion that whenever light rays strike on it, they refract and enter inside but do not exit the surface of the diamond. They instead keep on reflecting internally which gives the impression that a diamond ‘sparkles’.

The light wave should have shorter wavelength to achieve maximum accuracy while locating an object.

Law of refraction states that when light travels from one medium to another it bends while traveling from rarer to denser, it bends towards the normal whereas while traveling from denser to rarer, it bends away from the normal, but in both cases, if the ray is falling normally then it goes without any deviation or makes 0^o angle with the normal and passes straight throughout the medium.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born in 1772 in the Brahman family at Radhanagar in Bengal. Ram Mohan Roy was intelligent as he studied Persian, Arabic, English, Sanskrit Vedas and Upnishads. etc. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the father of India's Renaissance and social reformer who started the process of modernisation in India.

Ideological views :

1. Ram Mohan Roy was influenced by modern western thoughts, education and stressed rationalism, modern scientific approach.

2. He believed in removing socio-religious discrepancies like illiteracy, child marriage, sati, purdah etc for modernization of society and nation.

3. He believed in the social equality of all human beings, opposed casteism, discrimination, orthodoxy.

4. He believed that monotheism supported one universal model for humanity.

Additional Information:

* He established Vedanta college in1816 and an English school in West Bengal.

* Samvad Kaumudi and the Mirat-ul-Akbar were his notable works for the propagation of his ideology.

* Wrote books- Gaudiya vyakaran and Precept of Jesus.

* The Swadeshi Movement was the result of following British policies, taken by Lord Curzon before the Gandhian era- the Indian Universities Act, 1904, the Calcutta Corporation Act and mainly Partition of Bengal, 1905.

* The Indian National Congress (INC) supported the Swadeshi Movement. Lal-Bal-Pal were important leaders of this Radical group.

* Extremist was dissatisfied by the working of Moderates methods as they were no clear visible outcomes.

* The radical nationalists wanted the movement to be taken outside Bengal in other parts of country and go beyond just the boycott of foreign goods to boycotting government schools and colleges, government service, courts, legislative councils etc as they believed in the capacity of the masses.

* However, the Moderates main leaders were Dadabhai Naoroji., W.C. Banerjee. Rash Behari Ghosh etc. Moderates were unwilling because they believe that presently we do not have enough base to throw out Britishers out of India.

Additional Information:

* In the Calcutta Session (1906) Dadabhai Naoroji had placed Swaraj as a national demand. It was the first time that the demand for self-government or swaraj. Swaraj lays stress on self-governance through individuals and community building.

During world war -1, the British government armed itself with greater powers or far-reaching powers inorder to suppress those nationalists and nationalist activities in India bypassing Rowlatt act in march 1919 based on the recommendations of the Sedition Committee chaired by Sir Sidney Rowlatt.

The Act authorized and empowered the government and its British officials to imprison any person without trial and conviction in a court of law.

However, the Rowlatt Act by opposed by every single Indian member of the Central Legislative Council( CLC) but eventually it was passed. Muhammad Ali Jinnah resigned from the Imperial legislative council in protest against the act. Whereas, Lee Commission was appointed by the British government in 1923 to regarding Indian public services.

In 1786, Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis took charge as the Governor-General of Bengal Cornwallis and he is known for his civil, policing and judiciary administration reforms in British India.

Major reforms/ achievements of Cornwallis were:

* Permanent settlement act,1793 was passed

* Judiciary Reforms: Cornwallis established courts in the districts, provinces and states. He also banned torturous punishments like the chopping off of limbs, nose and ears. He also established circuit courts at Patna, Murshidabad, Calcutta and Decca.

* Police Reforms: He took the control of the police from the hands of the landlords and was given to the DSP. He established thanas to maintain law and order.

Additional Information:

* The third Anglo-Mysore War took place during his tenure.

* Service Reforms: To reduce corruption in the country, Cornwallis was given the authority related to services offered by the East India company.

* He founded a Sanskrit College at Calcutta.

* Established a mint, also at Calcutta.

William Adam was a Scottish missionary who was appointed by Lord William Bentinck, the then governor-general, to tour the districts of Bengal and Bihar and report on the progress of education in local schools and to suggest reforms.

Adam submitted 3 reports between the years (1835-1838)

William Adam’s report of 1835

* system of education in the local schools/ pathshala was flexible.

* There were no proper school infrastructure no annual examination was conducted.

* There was no dedicated place like a school building so the schools were held under a banyan tree , village's shop or temple, or teacher's home.

* what to teach was up to teachers hand and students were taught orally.

Additional Information:

Reforms Post William Adam’s report of 1835

* Measures were taken to improve the system of vernacular education.

* The Company appointed a number of pandits, each in charge of looking after four to five schools. The task of the pandit was to visit the school/patshalas and try to improve the standard of teaching.

* Textbook teaching methods and learning were to be tested through annual examination.

* Students were asked to pay a regular fee, attend regular classes.