Condition and Procedure for the acquisition of Indian Citizenship as per the Citizenship Act 1955 are:

1- By Birth: Any person born in India, on or after 26th January 1950 but prior to the commencement of the 1986 Act on 1st July 1987, is a citizen of India if either of his parents was a citizen of India at the time of the birth. Further, those born in India on or after 3rd December 2004 are considered citizens of India only if both their parents are citizens of India or if one parent is a citizen of India and the other not an illegal migrant at the time of their birth.

2- By descent: Person born outside India on or after 26th January 1950 but before 10th December 1992 is a citizen of India by descent if their father was a citizen of India at the time of their birth. Persons born outside India on or after 10th December 1992 are considered a citizen of India if either of their parents is a citizen of India at the time of their birth. From 3rd December 2004 onwards, the person born outside India shall not be considered citizens of India unless their birth is registered at an Indian consulate within one year with the permission of the central government.

3- By registration: Any person, who is not a citizen by virtue of the Constitution or the provisions of the Citizenship Act and belongs to any of the following categories, can apply for registration as a citizen. However, he must have resided in India for at least seven years immediately before making an application for registration as a citizen. These are:

1) a person of India origin who is ordinarily in India for seven years before making an application for registration. (throughout the period of twelve months immediately before making application and for six years in the aggregate in the eight years preceding the twelve months).

2) a person of Indian origin who is ordinarily resident in any country or place outside undivided Indian;

3) a person who is married to a citizen of India and is ordinarily resident in India for seven years before making an application for registration;

4) minor children of persons who are citizens of India;

5) a person of full age and capacity whose parents are registered as a citizen of India.

6) a person of full age and capacity who, or either of his parents, was earlier citizen of independent India, and has been residing in India for one year immediately before making an application for registration;

4- By naturalization: A foreigner, on the application for naturalization to a competent authority appointed by the State, can acquire Indian citizenship provided he satisfies certain conditions like having normal resided for at least twelve years in India in a period of 14 years before making an application.

• To promote international peace and security (Article 51); and to prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health (Article 47), were there in original constitution.

• To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life (Article 48 A), was added by 42^nd Amendment Act of 1976.

• To promote voluntary formation of co-operative societies (Article 43B), was added by 97^th Amendment Act of 2011.

Election process in India initiates as the government recommends to the Election Commission and then Election Commission issued notification in regard to that.

Article 324 contains the provisions for power of Superintendence, direction and control of elections to the Parliament and State legislatures, the office of President of India and the Vice President of India. It shall be vested in the Election Commission. State Election Commission is concerned with the elections of Panchayat and municipalities in the States.

• The establishment of British control over Bengal after 1757 led to an increase in land revenue and the exploitation of the peasants. The Bengal famine of 1770 led peasants, whose lands were confiscated, displaced zamindars, disbanded soldiers and poor, to come together in a rebellion. They were joined by the Sanyasis and Fakirs. The Faqirs/Sanyasi were a group of wandering Muslim religious mendicants in Bengal. The Sanyasi Uprisings took place in Bengal between the periods of 1770- 1820s. The Sanyasis rose in rebellion after the great famine of 1770 in Bengal which caused acute chaos and misery. However, the immediate cause of the rebellion was the restrictions imposed by the British upon pilgrims visiting holy places among both Hindus and Muslims.

• Non-Cooperation movement was launched in the year of 1919; hence sannyasi and fakirs uprisings are not contemporaneous with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was established on 31^st October,
1920 in Bombay Presidency during British rule in India. It is the oldest trade union federations in India. It is not politically affiliated to any political party.

Headquarter: New Delhi.

Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC)was established on May 3, 1947.
Headquarter: New Delhi

Bhartiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) was established on July 27, 1955.

* The Calcutta Gazette, 1784 was founded by Francis Gladwin, an officer in British East India trading company and an Orientalist. The first issue was published on 4^th March 1784.

* The Madras Courier, which was launched on October 12, 1785 by Richard Johnston.

* Initially founded in 1789 as the Bombay herald, the newspaper’s name was changed to Bombay Gazette in 1791.

* The Hindu started in 1878 as a weekly, become a daily in 1889.

Minerals, construction blocks of rocks, are inorganic solid with a specific internal structure and a certain chemical structure (only varies within a narrow layer). They can be made in different conditions,

A) During cooling with molten material (steel, lava, igneous rocks).

B) During the evaporation of the fluid (salt, sugar, references to evaporation)

C) Cooling of the fluid (saturated solution)

D) Increase in new crystal solids (coal, diamond with diamonds) in high temperature and pressure

Ural Mountains and Appalachians are old fold mountains found in Russia and North America respectively. They have low elevation. Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa is formed due to volcanic activity. Vosges Mountain in Europe is an example of Block Mountains.

Block Mountains: These are created when large areas or blocks of earth are broken and displaced vertically. The uplifted blocks are called Horsts and the lowered blocks are Graben. The Great African Rift Valley (valley floor is graben), The Rhine Valley and the Vosges Mountain in Europe are examples. In India, the Vindhyas and Satpuras are examples of Block Mountains.

Block Mountains are also called fault Block Mountains since they are formed due to faulting as a result of tensile and compressive forces. There are two basic types:

1) Tilted Block Mountains have one steep side contrasted by a gentle slope on the other side.

2) Lifted Block Mountains have a flat top and extremely steep slopes.

• The Village was divided into 30 words and each one was to nominate its member to the Village Council.

• Qualifications to become a Ward Member - Ownership of at least one-fourth veli of land, owns a residence, above 30 years and below 70 years of age and have knowledge of Vedas.

The local administration under Delhi Sultanate was divided as-

Iqta-Shiq-Paragana-Village

Each iqta was under a powerful military officer called Muqti. They were to rovide Sultan with troops.

Shiq was headed by Shiqdar. Paragana contain a number of villages and was headed by Amil. Each village was under the control of muqaddam or chaudhari.