Bryophytes do not have a vascular system. Hence, option 4 is correct.

• This means that they don’t have vascular tissues like xylem and phloem.
• Examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
• They help the ecosystem by acting as an important buffer system for other plants.
• Thallophytes are basically algaes not having well differentiated body organelles like stem, roots, and leaves.
• Funaria (Moss) is a Bryophyte and not a fungus.
• Pteridophytes are the vascular plants having hidden reproductive organs, and they are also called cytogasms.
• Gymnosperms and angiosperms are phanerogams, meaning they produce seeds.

Option 4 is NOT correct.

• Fractional distillation:
  • The process of Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures of miscible liquids where the difference in the b.p. is less than 25 K.
  • In Fractional distillation, fractionating column is used between the distillation flask and the condenser.
  • This method is used for separating different factions from petroleum products, etc.
• Separating funnel:
  • Separating funnel is used to separate a mixture containing immiscible liquids.
  • Principle - immiscible liquids separate out in layers depending on their densities.
  • Eg. - separating a mixture of oil and water.
• Sublimation:
  • To separate mixtures that contain a sublimable volatile component from a non-sublimable impurity.
  • Sublimable solids - ammonium chloride, camphor, naphthalene, and anthracene.
  • Eg. - A mixture of salt and ammonium chloride is separated by sublimation.
• Decantation:
  • This process is used to separate mixtures of immiscible liquids or liquid and solid mixture such as suspension.
  • Here, the less dense liquid is poured out from the container leaving behind the more dense liquid.
  • The purpose of the process is to obtain decant (liquid free from particulates) or to recover the precipitate.
  • In case of two immiscible liquids, incomplete separation is witnessed.

Photosynthesis: It is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. In this process, plants use the chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and release oxygen. 

Photosynthesis is important due to two reasons:

• It is the primary source of all food on earth.
• It is also responsible for the release of oxygen into the atmosphere.  

Here, the statement that 'irrespective of colour, all leaves carry out photosynthesis' is correct as:

• all colored leaves contain chlorophyll that enables plants to absorb the energy they need to build tissues. 
• large amount of red, brown, pink, and violet pigment mask the green color of chlorophyll in these leaves.
• the pigment is a molecule that has a particular color and can absorb light at different wavelengths, depending on the color.

Hence, it could be concluded that the statement that 'irrespective of color, all leaves carry out photosynthesis' is correct.

The correct answer is A, B, AB, or O.

Key Points

• The ABO system of blood grouping divides human blood into several categories based on the inherited characteristics of red blood cells which are identified by the presence of antigen A and B. 
• Therefore the child could inherit antigen A from father, or antigen B from mother, or both A and B (AB), or none, meaning O.
• Thus the child could inherit any of the four blood group type.

Additional Information

Concept:

• The human circulatory system consists of a muscular heart and blood vessels that carry the blood through various parts of the body.
• There are 3 main types of blood vessels:
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
• The circulation follows a double circulatory pathway, involving the following:
  • Pulmonary Pathway - It transports blood between the heart and the lungs.
  • Systemic Pathway - It moves between the heart and the rest of the body.

Important Points

Option 1: All arteries carry oxygen rich blood - INCORRECT

• Arteries are the blood vessels that usually carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.
• However, exception to this is the pulmonary artery that carries deoxygenated blood.

Option 2: All veins carry deoxygenated blood - INCORRECT

• Veins are responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the heart.
• Only the pulmonary vein is an exception to this.

Option 3: Pulmonary artery carries blood from heart to lungs - CORRECT

• The pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
• It is part of the pulmonary circulation in the human body.

Option 4: Pulmonary vein carries impure blood from heart to lungs - INCORRECT

• The pulmonary vein carries the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
• This is also a part of the pulmonary circulation.

Hence, the correct statement is option 3.

The correct answer is 2 only.

• Ionization Energy is the energy required to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.
• The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove one valence electron.
• The second ionization energy is the energy required to remove a second valence electron.
• Ionization Energies increase going left to right across a period as the number of electrons increase and also due to the effective nuclear charge increases. (statement 1 is incorrect)
• It also increases going up a group because there are fewer electrons shielding the outer electrons from the pull of the nucleus. (statement 2 is correct)

Important Points

• Ionization Energy is always positive.
• The highest ionization energies are noble gases because they have stable octet formation and require a high amount of energy to destroy that stable configuration.

The correct answer is Acidic.

Key Points

• Acetylene (Ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula C₂H₂.
• It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest Alkyne.
• It is a colourless gas. 
• It is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block.
• It contains a triple carbon-carbon bond.
• The acidic nature of H-atoms present at the end of the triple bonded carbon atom is due to the higher electronegativity of the SP-hybridised carbon.

The correct answer is 1, 3 and 4.

Key Points

Additional Information

• Communicable Diseases
  • Microbial diseases that can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through the air, water, food, or physical contact are called communicable diseases.
  • Examples of such diseases include cholera, common cold, chickenpox, and tuberculosis.
  • An example of a carrier is the female Anopheles mosquito, which carries the parasite of malaria.
  • The Female Aedes mosquito acts as a carrier of the dengue virus.
  • Robert Köch (1876) discovered the bacterium (Bacillus anthracis) which causes anthrax.
• Acute and Chronic Diseases:
  • Some diseases last for only very short periods of time, and these are called acute diseases. We all know from experience that the common cold lasts only a few days.
  • Other ailments can last for a long time, even as much as a lifetime, and are called chronic diseases. An example is an infection causing elephantiasis, which is very common in some parts of India.

The correct answer is 1 only.

Key Points

• The strong nuclear force is a fundamental force that exists inside the atom's nucleus between the protons and the neutrons.
• It is the force that binds them together and forms the nucleus.
• The nature of the force is attractive but for distance less than 0.7 fermi, it becomes repulsive.
• It does not act outside the nucleus and hence electrons do not experience this force.
• It does not depend on the charge of the subatomic particles.

Important Points

• Proton has a positive charge while the neutron is neutral.
  • They together make up the nucleus and hence nucleus as a whole has a positive charge.
• Electron is negative, and hence in the atom, there exists an electromagnetic force between the electrons and the nucleus.
• While inside the nucleus, it is the strong nuclear force that binds the nucleus together.

The correct answer is 1 and 3 only.

Key Points

Rate of Reaction:

• It can be defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product in unit time. Hence statement 3 is correct.
• The rate of reaction can be expressed in terms of:
  •  the rate of decrease in the concentration of any one of the reactants, or
  •  the rate of increase in the concentration of any one of the products.
• Some reactions such as ionic reactions occur very fast. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• For example, the precipitation of silver chloride occurs instantaneously by mixing aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chloride.
• Some reactions are very slow, for example, rusting of iron in the presence of air and moisture.
• It is a redox reaction. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.